奔走相告sun of beach(sun of beach是什么意思中文翻译)

中国学生最常犯但又几乎意识不到的四种句子错误\x0a此为下半部分

 

c不平行结构我们先来看看上一节中的 warm-up exercises：1. She is pretty, smart and has a lot of money.2. The new material is both lightly and remarkably strong.

这两句尤其第一句对很多ESL学生来讲完全是个正确的句子，如果加拿大的写作老师说是错的，很多同学会觉得老师是鸡蛋里挑骨头第二句是一道托福真题，当然是错的句子这两句到底错在哪儿了？这正是我们要讲的不平行结构 (faulty parallelism)。

英语句子中将两个或两个以上的相同句子成分用并列连词连接起来称为并列结构，也称平行结构组成平行结构的可以是词、词组，或者从句英文写作要求平行结构中各个部分必须采用相同的表达形式，否则就会犯失去平行的错误常见的连接平行结构的连词有：and，or，but，not，than；词组有：not only...but also，either...or，neither...nor，both...and。

这些词和词组看似简单，却不容易用对但记住一条，很多错误就可避免，即在使用这些词尤其词组时，一定要保证这些连词和词组前后的句子成分一定平行简单讲就是这些连词或词组前面的中心词是什么词性后面的中心词就一定是相同词性。

比如前面是名词那么后面也要名词例如：a girl and a boy．前面是形容词后面一定是形容词，例如：good but costly．前面是动名词，动词不定式，从句或句子，后面一定跟相同成分例如：1) not only reading currents but also watching news on TV

2) either to dine out or to have a snack at home3)The nanny does not know whether she has to quit the job or whether she has to stay just for money.

4) Helen has much more money than does her boyfriend．读到这里，我们应该知道开头练习的答案了在第一句中，and前面是形容词，可后面却是一个句子，是非常典型的不平行结构，应改成：She is pretty，smart and rich．第二句就复杂一些，both后面是副词，可and后面的中心词是形容词，显然不平行，根据全句的意思，both和and后面都应该是形容词，所以，正确答案是：The new material is both light and remarkably strong．。

在平行结构中，and这个词是最难辨认的，所以也是最难正确使用的可以说，and对ESL学生来说是最简单的单词，但是真的用起来是非常难把握的很多读者会觉得，有那么严重吗?不要危言耸听吧让我们先来做几个平行结构的练习再继续讨论。

1．Kurt started being on the rink at four years old，skating at six，and to play hockey at eight．2．Jennifers husband，Glen，is not only a romantic partner but quite resourceful as well．

3．Who can tell me how to do this efficiently and without any effort?4．It is better to repeat a noun than making an ambiguous statement．

5．The style of the American poet Hilda Doolittle is characterized by a particular emphasis on the precise and object treatment of images.

在这五个练习里不完全都是错误的句子，有一句是对的是哪一句呢?我们逐句分析后，答案就出来了第一句里，and很明显应该连接的是started后面的三个动名词，而在错句里and前面有两个动名词，being和skating,可后面就变成动词不定式to play了，因此导致了句子不平行，造成错句。

应改成：Kurt started being on the rink at four years old，skating at six，and playing hockey at eight．第二句里，not only...but also，或not only... but...as well，或not only...but这几个词组要求平行。

简单讲，not only后面的中心词是什么词性或什么句子成分，but (but also)后面的中心词也应该是一样的第二句中not only后面的中心词是名词partner，可是but后面的中心词却是形容词resourceful，这是一个失去平行的错句。

很多中国学生在刚上英文写作课时，每次加拿大老师把作文发下来，只要用了上面这几个词组的同学，极少有人用对，多数人都有这样的红字批改：faulty parallelism原因是他们确实不知道这是错误这也是国内外英文写作教学和学习侧重点不同造成的。

国内英文写作比较看重漂亮词汇和词组的使用，而国外英文写作重视词或词组用得是否恰当，即比较看重整体性不仅如此，严重的是要为此失去很多分数这就是为什么我们对刚到国外留学的学生反复强调尽量先写简单准确的句子，经过一段时间的海外英文学习，结合国内的知识就能写出既漂亮又合乎国外英文写作要求的句子或文章。

真正有水准的高分英文写作绝不是停留在简单准确，更不是机械地堆积华丽词语用漂亮词没错，关键是用对回头再看第二句，虽然用了一个很好的词组，可惜用错了正确用法：Jennifers husband, Glen, is not only a romantic partner but a resourceful man as well．。

第三句比较而言会使刚接触平行结构的读者上当这是个对的句子为什么呢？这里就是上文所说的 and的难用之处用and作简单连接很容易，比如：Tom and Mary；smart and rich...但句子稍复杂一点，很多同学就晕了。

可以毫不夸张地说，如果在阅读尤其类似国外大学课本或托福阅读材料时，能准确知道and到底连接的是什么，再难的文章也相对容易多了在读第三句时很多同学都觉得是错的，因为and连接的是副词 efficiently 而后面是介词短语 without any effort，表面看是错了，实际上and连接的是两个平行的语法成分(状语)，所以是对的。

第四句里，要注意than的使用，这个词所要连接的成分一定平行在这句里，than后面是动名词making而前面没有动名词，只有动词不定式to repeat a noun，所以失去平行要达到平行，或把动名词改成动词不定式：It is better to repeat a noun than to make an 。

ambiguous statement．或把动词不定式改成动名词：It is better repeating a noun than making an ambiguous statement．第五句是一道托福真题。

托福文法部分的考点都是非常基本的，概括起来大约十大类考点，我这里讲的四大句子错误就是其中的四点，尤其这里讲的平行结构，不但必考无疑，而且占的比例非常大看第五句中and连接谁，这并不难，应该是两个形容词共同修饰名词 treatment，但现在and 前面是形容词precise，可后面不是形容词而是名词object，为使句子达到平行，也就是使句子正确，必须把名词 object 变成形容词形式 objective，应改为：The style of American poet Hilda Doolittle is characterized by a practical emphasis on the precise and objective treatment of images．。

下面简单总结一下这部分内容在英文写作中，当使用连词and，but，or，not还有than时一定要记住用平行结构，关键是连接什么；另外用词组not only...but also，either...or,both...and，neither...nor时更要注意句子结构的平行，如果拿不准，建议最好不用，不用总比错用要好得多。

为巩固这部分内容，我们做几个练习（答案在文末）1．There is a great difference between learning knowledge and to apply．2．Wanting to accomplish something and if you actually accomplish it may not be the same thing．

3．It is what you do，not saying it，that counts．4．Peter enjoyed chatting with Elsa, listening to her complaints，and to give her suggestion．

5．A kiln (窑) is a furnace used to dry，cure，hard，or melt many kinds of materials．6．Summer has more friends than me．

7．He jogs to lose weight，stay healthy，and it is fun．下一节的Warm-up exercises:1. Meeting her only once, she enchanted him completely.

2.To go to university in Canada, TOEFL has to be tested.d悬空修饰让我们来看看ESL学生在英文写作中最容易犯的最后一种错误 (dangling modifier 悬空修饰)。

这种错误是非常普遍的，尤其是在写英文作文时，习惯逐句把中文硬翻译成英文后再下笔的同学更易犯这种错误比如这样一个句子， “要上美国和加拿大的公立大学得考托福”这句话中文讲得通，但用英文来表达时，问题就出来了，很多中国学生都会写成To attend university in both America and Canada，TOEFL has to be tested．这个句子看上去似乎没错，实际上是个错句。

为什么呢?在英文写作中，一个完整的句子前面，有修饰成份是司空见惯的，但问题往往就出在修饰成份上作为修饰成份它一定要有所修饰，换句话说就是要有自己的主语 (完整的状语从句) 或逻辑主语 (省略后的状语从句)。

如果省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，就犯了悬空修饰的错误我们来看刚才的这个例句，主句 TOEFL has to be tested 前面的动词不定式应该是修饰成份，但这个动词不定式修饰谁呢?按现在的写法是修饰TOEFL，可是逻辑上讲不通，因为只有人才能上大学，才能做出 attend 这个动作，而 TOEFL 不是人也根本做不出这个动作。

简单讲就是 attend 的逻辑主语不可能是TOEFL，所以句子是错的正确的改法有两个：1．把主句的主语变成人，任何人称都可以，只要能做出 attend 这个动作就可以，比如，To attend university in both American and Canada，many international students have to take the TOEFL test． 。

2.把动词不定式还原为状语从句，使attend有自己的主语，从而使整个句子逻辑通顺，If international students want to attend university in both America and Canada.TOEFL has to be taken．比较而言，第一句要比第二句自然地道很多，但第二句也是个正确的句子。

读了上面的例句及解释，我们上一节末尾的Warm-up练习2就有了答案原句：To go to university in Canada，TOEFL has to be tested．应改为：To go to university in Canada，many foreign students have to take the TOEFL test．。

或 If foreign students want to go to university in Canada，many of them have to take the TOEFL test．既然这种错误是称为悬空修饰，很明显，充当修饰语的那个部分很重要。

一个主句的前面要是有修饰成份，除了完整的状语从句外(完整状语从句不会引发悬空修饰错误，这里讲的主句修饰成份不包括完整状语从句) 还有什么样的结构来充当修饰成份呢？上文的例子里，修饰语是动词不定式，除此之外比较常见的是现在分词和过去分词短语(doing/done)、介词短语、形容词或形容词短语，最后是名词短语。

名词短语放句首作修饰很不容易用对，也是托福考试中的考点，如果不从悬空修饰的角度理解很难答对题目。下面分别举例分析：

一、现在分词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误Finishing dinner,the table was cleaned．这句显然错了，table 不可能发出 finishing 这个动作，也就是说finishing的逻辑主语不是table，所以出现错误。

应改为：1．Finishing dinner,mom cleaned the table.或 2．When we finished dinner，the table was cleaned．这个例句读完，前一节的 warm-up 练习就有了答案。

原句：Meeting her only once，she enchanted him completely．应改成：Meeting her only once，he was enchanted by her completely．

二、过去分词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误Made in China，Rebecca bought a Beijing jeep．这个句子里，made是过去分词，是被动态，修饰谁呢?好像是Rebecca，但根据句子的意思，Rebecca 不可能被 made，人只能说 born，这样made就没有什么可修饰的了；也就是说made的逻辑主语不是主句的主语Rebecca，这样写的结果就是修饰语没有自己的逻辑主语，没有什么可修饰的，悬空在那里，造成错误。

应改成：Rebecca bought a Beinjing jeep made in China.

三、介词短语放在句首作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误At the age of three，her mom sent her to the music school．很多中国学生在刚看此句时都觉得是对的，因为翻译成中文也挺顺口的：三岁时，妈妈就送她去音乐学校了。

这个英文句子现在的写法意思是：When her mom was three years old，her mom sent her to the music school．如果这样写笑话都出来了，哪里有三岁的妈妈？

应改成1．At the age of three, she was sent to the music school by her mom．2．When she was at the age of three，her mom sent her to the music school． 

四、形容词或形容词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误Very expensive，my mom did not buy me the pants．很明显，expensive不可能修饰 my mom,按以上写法，悬空修饰的错误就出来了。

应改成：Very expensive，the pants were not bought by my mom.

五、名词在句首作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误A beautiful city，many tourists favor Vancouver．这里名词 city 应该是指 Vancouver，可现在这样写，就变成city在修饰many people了，这显然不合逻辑。

因为city的逻辑主语不是也不可能是tourists，因为city不是人如果不动前面的名词，应改成：A beautiful city, Vancouver is favored by many tourists.

总结一下上面的内容：任何一个主句前都经常会有修饰成份，不论修饰成分是动词不定式或动词不定式短语、现在分词或过去分词短语、介词短语、形容词或形容词短语、名词及名词短语，不管修饰成份由什么充当(完整状语从句除外)，这个修饰语一定要修饰主句的主语，必须要有逻辑关系，否则就会出现悬空修饰的错误。

下面做几个练习巩固一下：1．At home，the live show can be watched on TV．2．If watered twice a week，grandma will grow a good garden．

3. Standing on the sundeck，the beautiful stars are twinkling．4．While a child，my parents often took me to the beach.

5．When ready，take the meat out of the oven immediately.6．To get good scores，more exercises have to be done．

上面的6句都是错的，逐句分析一下：1．介词短语类可改成：At home，the kids can watch the live show on TV2．过去分词类可改成：If watered twice a week，a good garden will be grown by grandma．。

3．现在分词类可改成：Standing on the sundeck，my daughter observed the beautiful tars twinkling．或 When he was standing on the sundeck，my daughter observed the beautiful stars twinkling．。

4．名词类可改成：While a child，I was often taken to the beach by my parents．或 When I was a child，my parents often took me to the beach.。

5．形容词类可改成：When ready，the meat has to be taken out of the oven immediately．或 When the meat is ready, take it out of the oven immediately.。

6．动词不定式类可改成：To get good scores，students have to do more exercises．或If students want to get good scores, more exercises have to be done.。

我们的练习是请大家用已经给出的修饰成份，写一个基本主句使之与修饰部分呼应，避免悬空修饰（答案见文末）1. Having grown up in the 1960s，_______.2. To receive permission for a field trip，_________.。

3．If properly frozen, _________.4. By mowing the grass infrequently and cutting it high, __________.5. When riding on a train, _________.

6. In the elevator, _________.7. To understand Shakespeare, _________.8. Before I graduate, _________.

9. Upon entering the twelfth grade, _________.10. Tied securely to the tree, _________.3英文写作常见四大句子错误回顾

我们已经把国外英语学习与教学过程中最基本、最重要，也是很多中国大陆学生忽视或者根本没有意识到的英文写作四大句子错误讲完了。为了加深印象，温故而知新，让我们一起来通过例句总体回顾一下这几种错误句型：

一、Run-on Sentence (粘连句)：在英文写作中，两个完整的句子如果不是用并列连接词连接就要依靠标点符号，要么句号要么分号，绝不能用逗号或者什么标点符号都不用，这样就会造成粘连句例1 Vancouver is a beautiful city,I enjoy the life here．(逗号引起的粘连)。

例2 The Hip-Hop recital is sensational everyone has a wonderful time. (两个完整句中间没有标点符号造成的粘连句)

二、Sentence Fragments (断句或不完整句)：一个完整的句子最基本的要素就是主语+动词+完整意思，其中缺少任何一个要素都会造成断句或不完整句例1 They looked at each other. None of them speaking anything.(缺动词造成的断句)。

例2 There are many Chinese people live in Vancouver．(缺主语造成的断句，动词live没有自己的主语)例3 Because his proposal is declined.(缺少完整意思的断句)

三、Faulty Parallelism (不平行结构)：英语句子中将两个或两个以上的相同句子成分用并列连词连起来称为并列结构或平行结构组成平行结构的可以是词、词组或从句英文写作中，要求平行结构中各个部分必须采用相同的表达形式，否则就会犯失去平行的错误。

例1 She is pretty，smart and has a lot of money.(这里and应该连接三个平行的形容词，但这句子里and却把两个形容词和一个动词连接起来，造成不平行)例2 There is a great difference between dining out and to have a snack at home． (动名词短语dining out和动词不定式短语to have a snack不平行)

四、Dangling Modifier (悬空修饰)：在英文写作中，一个完整的句子前面，有修饰成分是常见的作为修饰成分它一定要有所修饰换句话说，就是要有自己的主语 (完整的状语从句的主语)或逻辑主语 (省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语)。

如果省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，就犯了悬空修饰的错误例1 Meeting her only once，she enchanted him completely．(Meeting的逻辑主语不是she，所以出现悬空)

例2 To meet the requirement，LPI (Linux认证考试) has to be tested.(To meet的逻辑主语不是LPI，形成悬空修饰)我们简单地回顾了四大基本写作错误。

下面来看国内一名普通的高中毕业生刚进入加拿大的学校学习时写的一篇文章文章中有四大错误的一种或几种，读一读，看是否能把这些错找出来（这部分就不提供参考答案了）1) There are some people think knowledge gained from experience. 2) Other people refuse this opinion, said the source which gained from books is more important. I think both of them are important. 

Knowledge gained from experience is absolutely correct. When a baby is born, 3) does he/she learning something from book? The answer is no because he does not know alphabet, 4) he even cannot call his parents. 5) How he to learn. Eating, speaking, smile, and so on. That is gained from their experience and not from book. Second, where does the book come from? That is from author. 6) How the author to write the book.The answer is from his experience. Therefore, I think, if people do not have experiences, they will not create any knowledge, so experience is more important.

Nevertheless, learning from books is a shortcut toward some people. Creating knowledge should take much time, so the knowledge which is discovered will be written in a book by author.When people want to learn the knowledge,they do not need spend too much time, and just find a book which is written. Anyway, 7) book is not neither good nor reason.

Finally, I think that should not stop us from looking for quickness along the way. Which way is correct? Nobody can give the exact answer. 8) Such as nobody is same as somebody. 9) Therefore, choosing a way which is suit to oneself is absolutely practical.

参考答案“粘连句”参考答案：1.Since I never cook perhaps it would be wise not to try. It will make me bored. /Since I never cook perhaps it would be wise not to try or it will make me bored.

2. Without my moms love, I would give up. I did not ./ Without my moms love, I would give up but I did not .

3. A great number of Chinese students prefer to major in business. Actually they do not have any interest in it.

4. Working hard, he passed the test. His parents are pleased and relieved./ Working hard, he passed the test, and his parents are pleased and relieved.

5.Although I was tired, I tried to finish the article. My husband helped me proofread it.6. If the claims by the manufacturer are true, I do not mind attempts to get me to buy a product. False claims tend to anger me though. /If the claims by the manufacture are true, I do not mind attempts to get me to buy a product, but false claims tend to anger me though. 

“断句或不完整句”参考答案：1. The fall trees are lovely with magnificent shades of golden red.2. Children growing up in Canada are happy and carefree.

3. I am amazed at the new buildings on both sides of the street and in the lot behind the old shopping mall.

4. The girl looks beautiful with long hair blowing in the wind.5. The favorite spectator sport for Americans is football while Europeans get excited about soccer.

6.You should go whether it deserves or not.“不平行结构”参考答案：1. There is a great difference between learning knowledge and applying it.或There is a great difference between to learn knowledge and to apply it.

2. Wanting to accomplish something and actually having accomplished it may not be the same thing.3. It is what you do, not what you say, that counts.

4. Peter enjoyed chatting with Elsa, listening to her complaints, and giving her suggestions.5. A kiln is a furnace used to dry, cure, harden or melt many kinds of materials.

6. Summer has more friends than I do.或Summer has more friends than do I.7. He jogs to lose weight, stay healthy, and have fun.

“悬空修饰”参考答案：1. Having grown up in the 1960s, my sisters are familiar with the movie.2. To receive permission for a field trip, the teacher sent out the form.

3. If properly frozen, strawberries can keep good for quite a while.4. By mowing the grass infrequently and cutting it high, the gardener does not come to the house very often.

5. The little girl screamed when riding on a train.6. In the elevator, Cindy met Dr. Ben.7. To understand Shakespeare, read his plays.

8. Before I graduate, TELUS (加拿大电话公司巨头) offers me a volunteer job in which I am quite interested.9. Upon entering the twelfth grade, Angela starts staying up late.

10. Tied securely to the tree, the little pony looks hopeless.

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