canal(canals是什么意思)难以置信

一、历史变迁联合国教科文组织界定的大运河世界文化遗产由隋唐宋时期以洛阳为中心的隋唐大运河，元明清时期以北京、杭州为起始的京杭大运河，从宁波入海与

 

一、历史变迁联合国教科文组织界定的大运河世界文化遗产由隋唐宋时期以洛阳为中心的隋唐大运河，元明清时期以北京、杭州为起始的京杭大运河，从宁波入海与海上丝绸之路相连的浙东运河三条河流组成大运河贯通了中华文明腹心地带和海河、黄河、淮河、长江、钱塘江五大水系，串联起七大古都，连接起陆上与海上丝绸之路。

2014年6月，中国大运河成功列入世界遗产名录中国大运河是人类文明史上开凿最早、里程最长、工程最大的人工河流，它凝结了中华先人适应自然、改造自然、与自然和谐共处的中国智慧，同时积淀了丰厚的历史文化遗产大运河（浙江段）包括京杭大运河的浙江段和浙东运河，流经杭、嘉、湖、绍、甬五市，是大运河在用河段中特征最显著、最具代表性的，共计有遗产河道683千米，其中有327千米河道列入世界遗产，并有13处世界文化遗产点。

沿线有107处全国重点文保单位和5座国家历史文化名城大运河历经春秋、隋唐、两宋、元明清等朝代，全长1794千米，迄今已逾2500年

京杭大运河风光之一大运河（浙江段）的历史变迁分为以下五个阶段：1.春秋战国时期：为运输军事物资开凿邗沟和山阴故水道公元前468年，吴王夫差要北上伐齐，开凿了邗沟，从此贯通长江与淮河后秦、汉、魏、晋和南北朝继续延伸河道，先后开凿了大沟与鸿沟。

春秋时期开凿的绍兴山阴故水道，起于范蠡修建山阴大城（相当于今绍兴老城）东郭门，终于上虞东关练塘，为浙东运河的前身。

春秋战国时期运河示意图2.西晋时期：为满足灌溉需要修建西兴运河晋惠帝时，为满足灌溉需要修建从钱塘江东岸的西兴至会稽城的西兴运河，与上虞以东运河以及姚江、甬江的自然水道形成了浙东运河，使原来各河道互相流通，保证了农田灌溉之需要。

3.隋朝至宋朝时期：为加强南北沟通整改、扩建运河公元587年隋炀帝建成以洛阳为中心，由永济渠、通济渠、山阳渎和江南运河相连组成，北通北京，南至杭州，全长2700余千米的隋唐大运河唐代中叶，浙东地方官员主持疏浚浙东运河。

南宋时期建都临安，多次征发民夫修整浙东运河，运河航运条件和繁荣程度均达到极盛

隋朝至宋朝时期京杭大运河示意图4.元明清时期：以都城北京为中心改建京杭大运河，修缮浙东运河1271年元朝定都大都（今北京）后，把隋唐大运河裁弯取直，将经过洛阳的运河修筑成以大都为中心直达杭州的纵向大运河，即京杭大运河。

明、清两朝对元朝大运河进行扩建重修，使运河线路与黄河河道完全分开到清代，随着轮船和杭甬铁路的出现，浙东运河的作用逐渐被取代

元明清时期京杭大运河示意图5.建国以后：恢复和扩建大运河，挖掘和宣传大运河文化我国先后于1953年和1957年修建船闸，对大运河进行部分恢复和扩建工作1959年后，结合南水北调系列工程扩建运河2006年，京杭大运河被列入全国重点文物保护单位。

2012年隋唐大运河和浙东运河被列入全国重点文物保护单位20世纪末，宁波港的开发带动了浙东运河的重建。2009年9月，浙东运河改建工程完工，成为我国大陆历史上单项工程投资规模最大的内河改造建设项目。

中国大运河世界遗产示意图中国大运河是由申报世界遗产应运而生的一个新词汇、新概念，申报世界遗产时，发现京杭大运河不能包含整个大运河工程体系，于是提出中国大运河的概念2009年，从文化遗产保护及国家政治、经济、文化战略入手，浙东运河被加入到中国大运河概念中。

2014年6月22日，第38届世界遗产大会宣布中国大运河项目成功入选世界文化遗产名录，成为中国第46个世界遗产项目

京杭大运河风光之二一、Historical ChangesThe Grand Canal is an artificially-built navigable channel connected with natural waterways or other canals to communicate with regions and water areas. The World Cultural Heritage of the Grand Canal defined by UNESCO consists of the Sui and Tang Grand Canal centered on Luoyang during the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal starting from Beijing to Hangzhou during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the East Zhejiang Canal. The Grand Canal runs through the heartland of Chinese civilization and the five major river systems of the Haihe River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangtze River, and Qiantang River.

It connects the seven ancient capitals and connects the land and sea Silk Roads. The Grand Canal is the earliest, longest, and largest man-made river in the history of human civilization. It condenses the wisdom of Chinese ancestors who adapt to nature, transform nature, and live in harmony with nature.

The Grand Canal (Zhejiang Section) includes the Zhejiang Section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the East Zhejiang Canal. It flows through the five cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo. It is the most distinctive and representative of the Grand Canal in use, there are 683 kilometers of heritage rivers, of which 327 kilometers are listed as world heritage sites, and there are 13 world cultural heritage sites. There are 107 national cultural protection units and 5 national historical and cultural cities along the route. The Grand Canal has gone through Spring and Autumn Period to Qing dynasty. It has a total length of 1794 kilometers, has been more than 2,500 years. The historical changes of the Grand Canal (Zhejiang Section) are divided into the following five stages:

I.Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Excavate Hangou and Shanyin old waterways for the transportation of military materials

In 468 BC, King Fuchai of Wu digged Hangou in order to go north to attack Qi Dynasty, connecting the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Afterwards, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties continued to extend the river channel, digging the big ditch and the chasm successively.

The old water channel of Shaoxing Shanyin excavated during the Spring and Autumn Period started from Fan Lis construction of the Dongguo Gate of the Shanyin Great City (equivalent to todays old city of Shaoxing), and finally Shangyu Dongguan Liantang, which is the predecessor of the East Zhejiang Canal.

II.The Western Jin Dynasty: Construct the Xixing Canal to meet irrigation needsDuring Emperor Jinhui’s time, the Xixing Canal was built from Xixing on the east bank of the Qiantang River to Kuaiji City to meet the needs of irrigation. It formed the East Zhejiang Canal with the canals east of Shangyu, the Yaojiang River and Yongjiang River, so that the original rivers circulated to ensure the need for farmland irrigation.

III.From the Sui Dynasty to the Song Dynasty: Rectify and expand the canal to strengthen the communication between the north and the south

In 587 AD, Emperor Yang of Sui built the Sui and Tang Grand Canel centred on Luoyang, which is composed of Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Shanyangdu and Jiangnan Canal. It connects Beijing to the north and Hangzhou to the south, with a total length of more than 2,700 kilometers.

In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, local officials in eastern Zhejiang presided over the dredging of the East Zhejiang Canal. The capital of Lin’an was built during the Southern Song Dynasty, and the laborers were assigned several times to maintain the East Zhejiang Canal. The conditions and prosperity of the canal shipping reached the peak.

IV.Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties: Rebuild the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with the capital Beijing as the center and repair the East Zhejiang Canal

After the capital of the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 (present-day Beijing), the Sui and Tang Grand Canal were cut and straightened, and the canal passing through Luoyang was built into a longitudinal grand canal centered on the capital and directly connected to Hangzhou, which turned into the new Beijing-Hangzhou the Grand Canal. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yuan Canal was expanded and rebuilt to completely separate the canal route from the Yellow River. Till the Qing Dynasty, with the emergence of ships and the Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway, the role of the East Zhejiang Canal was gradually replaced.

V.After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China: Eestore and expand the Grand Canal, excavate and promote the Grand Canal culture

China has built ship locks in 1953 and 1957, and partially restored and expanded the Grand Canal. After 1959, the canal was expanded with a series of South-to-North Water Diversion projects. In 2006, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In 2012, the Grand Canal in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the East Zhejiang Canal were listed as national key cultural relics protection units.

At the end of the 20th century, the development of Ningbo Port led to the reconstruction of the East Zhejiang Canal. In September 2009, the reconstruction of the East Zhejiang Canal was completed and became the largest inland river reconstruction project in the history of mainland China.

The Grand Canal of China is a new vocabulary and new concept that emerged from the declaration of the World Heritage. When applying for the World Heritage, it was discovered that the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal cannot contain the entire Grand Canal engineering system. In 2009, starting from the protection of cultural heritage and national political, economic, and cultural strategies, the East Zhejiang Canal was added to the concept of China’s Grand Canal. On June 22, 2014, the 38th World Heritage Conference announced that China’s Grand Canal project was successfully included in the World Heritage List and became China’s 46th World Heritage Project.

二、风土人情大运河（浙江段）位于大运河最南端，是中国大运河特征最显著、最具代表性的河段，运河遗产河道总计683公里，流经5个市、19个县，沿线拥有世界文化遗产点13处，运河遗产构成 99项大运河（浙江段）是一条深深植根于浙江大地且奔流不息的千年文脉，滋养着浙江人文精神，是探求中华文明生命轨迹的重要线索，是继承中华优秀文化、展示中华文明历程的重要平台。

大运河（浙江段）架设了一条沟通南北的通道，多民族文化在此交融，运河沿线的风土人情文化底蕴厚重，其中民俗文化、饮食文化和工艺文化最富有特色。

大运河沿岸风光1.民俗文化（1）运河元宵灯会运河元宵灯会历史源远流长，人们为了祈求风调雨顺、家庭美满和天下太平，元宵节时在运河沿岸和水上张灯结彩，猜灯谜、吃元宵，合家团聚、同庆佳节如今，运河沿线的城市还会举办运河元宵灯会，营造浓厚的节日气氛，再现传统的生活方式和习俗。

运河元宵灯会的盛景（2）蚕花会蚕花会是人民为了祈求蚕业大丰收而在清明节举行的祭拜活动。蚕花会大多在船上进行，有迎蚕神、摇快船、闹台阁、拜香凳、打拳、耍龙灯、翘高竿、唱戏文等十多项活动，极具水乡特色。

人们欢庆蚕花会的景象（3）花朝节花朝节是运河边居住的人们千百年来沿袭的古老习俗，每年农历二月十五为“百花生日”，人们要为庭园中一切已开、未开的花木挂红着绿，以示庆贺百花诞辰如今，传统的花朝节已流变为更加绚丽夺目的时令花展。

人们在花朝节时结伴赏花2.饮食文化（1）龙井茶龙井茶是浙江省特产，产于浙江杭州西湖龙井村周围群山龙井茶素以色翠、形美、香郁、味醇冠绝天下，位列中国十大名茶之首杭州市每年三月底、四月初在西湖龙井茶乡举行开茶节，弘扬传统茶文化，打造杭州茶都。

西湖龙井（2）运河船菜旧时行船的速度比较慢，乘船时间少则几天多则半个月，运河船菜就是为坐船的达官显贵准备的运河船菜的原料主要来自运河特色时鲜，如鱼、虾、蟹、鳗之类，菜肴鲜美绝口船菜的品目有：五香乳鸽、翡翠蟹斗、蜜汁火方、和合二鲜等。

运河船菜（3）黄酒黄酒源于中国，且唯中国有之，与啤酒、葡萄酒并称世界三大古酒黄酒是吴越文化中最典型的代表之一，具有两千多年的历史黄酒能够有如此高的知名度，既因为运河水运的发达，也因为水质优良使得出品的酒质量好。

绍兴黄酒3.工艺文化（1）西湖绸伞制作工艺西湖绸伞始创于1932年，其工艺由杭州都锦生丝织厂研创西湖绸伞以杭州本地独有的淡竹、杭州丝绸为原料，以刷花、彩绘和刺绣等技法加以装饰西湖绸伞造型轻盈，设计奇巧，既实用又有艺术欣赏价值。

西湖绸伞（2）张小泉剪刀锻制技艺张小泉剪刀锻制技艺，是国家级非物质文化遗产之一清代康熙二年（1663年），张小泉剪刀始创于杭州张小泉剪刀曾为清宫御用品，因乾隆皇帝专门赐章褒奖而成为中华老字号它不仅在国内广受称赞，而且享誉世界。

张小泉剪刀（3）方回春堂膏方制作工艺方回春堂创建于1649年，传说为钱塘方清怡所创，是清末民初杭城药业六大家之一，享誉海内外方回春堂膏方进补已逾300年的经典传承，重在名医诊断，贵在道地药材，妙在科学炮制。

代表膏方为琼玉膏、长春广嗣膏、资生健脾膏和玉容膏

方回春堂膏方以中国京杭大运河博物馆为龙头，各类博物馆、文创园区、历史遗址、历史街区等特色文化节点星罗棋布，非物质文化遗产活态传承，文化研究创作、文化旅游、特色文化活动丰富多彩，呈现着运河沿岸富有特色的地域文化。

杭州桥西历史文化街区、小河历史文化街区、大兜路历史文化街区，完好地保存绍兴城内明清古街区历史风貌的绍兴八字桥历史街区，号称“江南府城”的嘉兴月河历史街区，已成为展示运河风土人情的“没有围墙的博物馆”二、Local Conditions and Customs

The Grand Canal (Zhejiang Section) is located at the southernmost tip of the Grand Canal. It is the most distinctive and representative section of the Grand Canal. The canal heritage river channel totals 683 kilometers, flowing through 5 cities and 19 counties. The 13 canal heritages constitute 99 items. The Grand Canal (Zhejiang Section) is a millennium cultural context deeply rooted in the land of Zhejiang and nourishes the humane spirit of Zhejiang. It is an important clue to explore the life path of Chinese civilization. An important platform for inheriting Chinese excellent culture and displaying the course of Chinese civilization.

The Grand Canal (Zhejiang Section) has set up a channel connecting north and south, where multi-ethnic cultures blend, and the customs and culture along the canal are rich, among which folk culture, food culture and craft culture are the most distinctive.

I.Folk Culturei)Canal Lantern FestivalThe Canal Lantern Festival has a long history. In order to pray for a good weather, a happy family and a peaceful world, people lit up along the canal and the water in the first lunar month of the lunar calendar. Today, the cities along the Grand Canal still hold the Lantern Festival to create a strong festive atmosphere and reproduce the traditional lifestyle and customs.

ii)Silkworm Flower FestivalThe Silkworm Flower Festival is a worship activity held by the people on the Qingming Festival in order to pray for a good harvest of the silkworm industry. Every year, there are many activities to meet the sericulture gods, shake the Clipper, make the Pavilion Pavilion, worship the incense stools, punching, dragon lanterns, swing the poles, sing operas, etc. Most activities are carried out on the ship with the characteristics of water towns.

iii)Flower FestivalThe Flower Festival is an ancient custom which people live by the canal have followed for thousands of years. February 15th of the lunar calendar is ‘birthday of hundred flowers’. At this time, people should hang red and green flowers and trees in the garden to celebrate the birthday of the hundred flowers. Nowadays, the Flower Festival has become a more colorful seasonal flower market.

II.Food Culturei)Longjing TeaLongjing tea is a specialty of Zhejiang Province and is produced in the mountains around Longjing Village, West Lake, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Longjing tea is famous for its green color, beautiful shape, fragrant flavor, and mellow taste, ranking first in China’s top ten famous teas. Hangzhou holds a tea festival at the Longjing Village in West Lake at the end of March and the beginning of April every year to promote traditional tea culture and build Hangzhou the Tea Capital.

ii)Canal Boat DishesIn the old days, the speed of boat trips was relatively slow, and the duration of the boat ride ranged from a few days to half a month. The canal boat dishes were prepared for the dignitaries on board. The raw materials of canal boat dishes are mainly from the canal specialty, such as fish, shrimp, crab, eel, etc. The boat dishes are very delicious, including Five Spiced Pigeon, Emerald Crab Bucket, Honey Juice, and Hehe Erxian.

iii)Yellow Rice WineYellow Rice Wine originated in China, and only China has it. It is called the world’s three ancient wines together with beer and wine. Yellow Rice Wine is one of the most typical representatives of Wuyue culture, with a history of more than two thousand years. Yellow rice wine can have such a high reputation, because of both the development of the canal water transportation, and the excellent water quality,for what the quality of the wine produced is good.

III.Craft Culturei)West Lake Silk UmbrellaWest Lake Silk Umbrella was founded in 1932, and its craft was developed by Hangzhou Dujinsheng Silk Weaving Factory. West Lake Silk Umbrella is made of light bamboo and Hangzhou silk from Hangzhou and decorated with techniques such as brushing, painting and embroidery. The West Lake silk umbrella is light in shape, ingenious in design, and is both practical and valuable for art appreciation.

ii)Zhangxiaoquan’s ScissorsZhangxiaoquan’s scissors forging technique is one of the national intangible cultural heritage. In the second year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1663), Zhangxiaoquan Scissors was founded in Hangzhou. Zhangxiaoquan Scissors used to be the imperial ware of the Qing Dynasty, and became a well-known Chinese brand because of the Emperor Qianlongs special award. It is not only widely praised in China, but also well-known in the world.

iii)Fanghuichun Hall ointmentFounded in 1649, Fanghuichun Hall is said to have been created by Fangqingyi of Qiantang. It is one of the six major pharmaceutical companies in Hangzhou at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. Fanghuichun Hall ointment has more than 300 years of classic heritage, focusing on the diagnosis of famous doctors, the value of authentic medicinal materials, and the beauty of scientific processing. Representative creams are Qiongyu ointment, Changchun Guangsi ointment, Shise Jianpi ointment and Yurong ointment.

Taking China’s Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Museum as the leader, various types of museums, cultural and creative parks, historical sites, historical blocks and other characteristic cultural nodes are dotted, intangible cultural heritage is lively inherited, cultural research and creation, cultural tourism, and unique cultural activities are colorful and present With distinctive regional culture along the canal.

Hangzhou Qiaoxi Historical and Cultural Street, Xiaohe Historical and Cultural Street, Dadou Road Historical and Cultural Street, Shaoxing Baziqiao Historical Street, which is well-preserved in the Ming and Qing Ancient Street in Shaoxing City and Jiaxing Yuehe Historical Street known as ‘Jiangnan Mansion City in the south of Yangtze River’, being ‘museums without walls’ displaying the customs of the canal.

浙江省社科联社科普及课题成果课题编号：21KPW07YB课题名称：中英对照大运河（浙江段）历史文化赏析负责人：贾甜夏工作单位：浙江金融职业学院

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