满满干货declined(decline的过去式和过去分词)

烟草真的只有坏处吗？

 

STEM写作竞赛邀请来自全球的初高中生围绕自己感兴趣的科学话题展开写作，与STEM（科学、技术、工程、数学等科目）相关的问题、概念或议题对于世界运转规律的思考、生活中观察到的科学现象或者课堂中所学到的知识都可以作为选题。

本期美翱君将继续和你分享有关STEM竞赛的获奖作品赏析。一起来学习吧！

STEM Writing Contest

作文赏析点开音频From Addiction to … Aviation? Tobacco, an Unexpected Fuel for the FutureEmily Xing, 16,from Centennial High School in Ellicott City, Md.

July 15, 2016. The world held its breath as a revolutionary airplane blazed overhead, leaving a silver trail across the sky. Forever changing countless industries, this flight was powered not by conventional fossil fuels, but rather by the world’s leading cause of preventable death: tobacco.

解析：开头直接点出烟草是世界上导致可预防性死亡的主要原因Today’s society faces a devastating smoking epidemic. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco products kill over eight million people annually - more than malaria, influenza, tuberculosis, AIDS and alcohol combined.。

解析：据世界卫生组织统计，烟草制品每年导致超过800万人死亡，比疟疾、流感、结核病、艾滋病和酒精加起来的死亡人数还要多Unfortunately, millions of workers also depend on this deadly plant to support their families. A study by researchers at McGill University highlights why these farmers hesitate to switch to alternative crops: Tobacco has always had a readily available market, and its lands are typically unsuitable for any other plant. Completely eliminating tobacco therefore may not be the most feasible solution. So what if we repurposed it for healthy innovations, such as a sustainable fuel for the future, instead?。

解析：接着话锋一转，虽然烟草致命，但是数百万的工人却以此为生所以消除烟草是不现实的，那有没有可能将之往好的方面发展呢？In 2014, South African Airways, Boeing and SkyNRG launched Project Solaris. The goal? To cultivate tobacco that can send airplanes into the sky.。

解析：承接上文继续写道，早在2014年，南非航空、波音和SkyNRG就启动了Solaris项目其目的是种植可以让飞机上天的烟草Aviation is projected to account for over 22 percent of global carbon emissions by 2050, which makes finding eco-friendly energy sources an industry priority. Solaris, a special nicotine-free tobacco strain with maximized seed yield, is one promising solution. Scientists are refining the oil within these seeds to craft bioenergy that, compared to conventional fossil fuels, reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 83 percent !。

解析：到2050年，航空业预计将占全球碳排放量的22%以上，这使得寻找生态友好型能源成为行业的首要任务Solaris，一个特殊的无尼古丁烟草品系，能最大限度地提高种子产量，是一个可行的解决方案科学家们正在提炼这些种子中的油来制造生物能源，与传统的化石燃料相比，减少了83%的温室气体排放！。

On July 15, 2016, South African Airways flew its very first tobacco-powered flight. Six thousand three hundred liters of Solaris bioenergy carried the airplane from Johannesburg to Cape Town - a journey that, as Ian Cruickshank, the airline’s environmental affairs specialist, said, “shows the industry is really changing. Four or five years ago biofuel was seen as futuristic, and today it’s here.”

解析：2016年7月15日，南非航空首飞烟草动力航班6300升的Solaris生物能源将飞机从约翰内斯堡运送到开普敦真正实现了将烟草制作为生物燃料，然后也改变了航空业Unlike tobacco, growing common crops like corn for bioenergy generates many problems, from hurting global food security to disturbing local wildlife. But by repurposing the 10.5 million acres of already-existing tobacco farmlands, Solaris cultivation perfectly overcomes these challenges, all while producing more oil !。

解析：接着又与玉米种植作比较，突出Solaris烟草种植的优点This creative endeavor has inspired people to see tobacco as “a viable source of energy for the future,” in the words of Robert Mills. The Virginian farmer now dedicates a portion of his land to grow biofuel tobacco every year in partnership with Tyton BioEnergy Systems, an eco-friendly power company.。

解析：这种创造性的结果将激励人们把烟草视为“一种未来可行的能源”Besides biofuel, research has found that tobacco has countless other applications, including deterring troublesome pests, serving as paper, and even yielding promising drugs for AIDS and cancer. These innovations take the first steps in providing society with alternative, beneficial uses for the plant, proving its boundless potential outside of smoking.。

解析：原来除了生物燃料，研究表明烟草还有多种其他用途，包括防止害虫、造纸，甚至还能生产出治疗艾滋病和癌症的药物Just like Tyton’s president Peter Majeranowski said, slowly, but surely, we are “re-imagin[ing] tobacco’s place in the world.” The shift in this crop’s uses - from addiction to aviation and beyond - teaches us that even the most harmful substances can be repurposed for the better. All it takes is a little creativity for change to take off.。

解析：最终总结出，即使是最有害的物质也可以变得好处多多，只需要一点点创造力--------------------------------------------------------------Works Cited

Bakalar, Nicholas. “A New Death Toll for Smoking.“ The New York Times, 31 Oct. 2016.Chandran, Nyshka. “Why Getting Farmers to Switch from Tobacco Crops Is a Struggle.“ CNBC, 10 Jan. 2017.

“Converting Tobacco to a Bioenergy Crop.“ Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 15 May 2012.

“The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control.“ National Cancer Institute, June 2020.“Fact Sheet: Malaria.“ World Health Organization, 6 Dec. 2021.

“Fact Sheet: Tobacco.” World Health Organization, 26 July 2021.“Global Health Topics: Tuberculosis.“ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Apr. 2020.

Grisan, Simone, et al. “Alternative Use of Tobacco as a Sustainable Crop for Seed Oil, Biofuel, and Biomass.“ Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 23 Sept. 2016.

Guillory, Ferrel. “Save Our Small Farmers: Keep Subsidizing Tobacco.“ Editorial, The Washington Post, 26 June 1983.

“Harmful Use of Alcohol Kills More than 3 Million People Each Year, Most of Them Men.“ World Health Organization, 21 Sept. 2018.

Helmer, Jodi. “Meet the US Farmers Turning Their Tobacco Into Airplane Fuel.“ The Guardian, 6 July 2016.

Hoshaw, Lindsey. “Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel.“ KQED, 3 June 2014.Kilian, Anine. “First Local Seed Selection to Take Place at Project Solaris.“ Engineering News, 14 Oct. 2016.

LaGrave, Katherine. “South African Airways Completes Flight Using Fuel From Tobacco.“ Condé Nast Traveler, 21 July 2016.

Maragakis, Lisa Lockerd. “COVID-19 vs. the Flu.“ Johns Hopkins Medicine, 23 Feb. 2022.“Solaris Energy Tobacco.“ CORDIS | European Commission.

“The Toll of Tobacco in the United States.“ Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 3 Nov. 2021.Warmflash, David. “From Jet Fuel to Medicine, Tobacco Growers Turn a New Leaf.“ Discover Magazine, 27 July 2016.

“Warning: Smoking Can Kill You.” Editorial, The New York Times, 28 Aug. 2012.Willmott, Don. “Holy Smokes! Tobacco May Fuel Planes in the Future.“ Smithsonian Magazine, 12 Nov. 2014.

Womack, Rocky. “Tyton BioEnergy Takes Step toward Marketing Tobacco-Based Products.” Tobacco Journal International, June 2015.

Zandt, Florian. “HIV/AIDS Deaths Continue To Decline.“ Statista Infographics, 30 Nov. 2021.上下滑动查看内容

文章导读在大多数人眼中，除了“吸烟有害健康”，我们很难听到什么对烟草持肯定态度的词汇然而最近一项研究指出，除了吸食用之外，烟草还有很多很有价值的用途如烟草的一个相当不可能，但却完全合法的用途，就是作为生物燃料源。

一提到生物燃料，大多数人想到了玉米乙醇但烟草呢？下面这篇文章对美国农民尝试将其转化为生物燃料有着详细的介绍那么该地区的农民是如何实现的呢？让我们跟随下面的文章来一探究竟~

Meet the US farmers turning their tobacco into airplane fuel

As the demand for tobacco declines in the US, farmers in Virginia are experimenting with turning the crop into

viable biofuel.tobacco /təˈbækoʊ/ n.烟草，烟叶；烟草制品；烟草植株；抽烟viable /ˈvaɪəb(ə)l/ adj.可望成功的，切实可行的；能存活的，能生长发育的

随着美国对烟草的需求下降，弗吉尼亚州的农民正在尝试将这种作物转化为可用的生物燃料注解：开门见山，介绍将烟草转化为生物燃料的主题，同时引出下文Most of the tobacco growing across 80-acres at Briar View Farms in Callands, Virginia is 。

chosen for its flavour and high nicotine content. The leaves are hand-harvested, flue-cured or dark-fired and sold as smoking or chewing tobacco at premium prices.

chosen /ˈtʃoʊzn/ adj.挑选出来的，精选的flue-cured adj.熏制的；烤干的弗吉尼亚州卡兰兹的Briar View Farms占地80英亩，种植的大部分烟草是就风味和高尼古丁含量

挑选出来的这些烟草叶子是手工采摘的，经过烟熏或深色烘干处理，再以吸烟或嚼烟高价出售 注解：该州大部分土地种植的烟草是作为吸烟或嚼烟的形式售卖，那剩余的土地种植的烟草的用途是什么呢？下文对此作了回复One two-acre plot stands apart from the rest, its flavour and nicotine content are irrelevant. The June and October harvests are

mechanised and the entire plant, including leaves and stems, are cut with a silage chopper and tossed

into metal bins. All of the tobacco plants harvested are turned into biofuel.mechanised /ˈmekənaɪzd/ adj.机械化的；呆板的

silage /ˈsaɪlɪdʒ/ n.青贮饲料tossed /tɔːst/ v.抛，扔；掷（硬币）（toss 的过去式和过去分词）其中有一块两英亩的土地与众不同，它的风味和尼古丁含量没有关联到了6月和10月收获时，这些烟草实现。

机械化收割，整株植物，包括叶子和茎，都被青贮饲料切碎，扔进金属箱所有收割的烟草都被转化为生物燃料注解：这是第一段中弗吉尼亚州的农民尝试将这种作物转化为可用的生物燃料的具体描述，同时也是对于第二段的补充On Briar View Farms, first-generation tobacco grower Robert Mills hopes tobacco-based biofuel can

spark a profitable future for tobacco growers. “With the uncertainty of tobacco, growers are always looking for new opportunities,” he says.

spark /spɑːrk/ v.引发，触发；产生火花（电火花）profitable /ˈprɑːfɪtəb(ə)l/ adj.盈利的，有利可图的；有益的，有用的在Briar View Farms，第一代烟草种植者罗伯特·米尔斯希望基于烟草的生物燃料可以

使得烟草种植者在未来有利可图“由于烟草的不确定性，种植者一直在寻找新的机会，”他说Over the past four decades, the demand for tobacco in the US has 。

declined. In the 1970s, US farmers grew more than 2bn pounds (900,000 tonnes) of tobacco; by 2012, production dropped to about 800m pounds (360,000 tonnes). The number of tobacco farms declined from 180,000 in the 1980s to just 10,000 in 2012, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

declined /dɪˈklaɪnd/ v.下降；拒绝；衰退（decline 的过去式和过去分词）在过去的四十年里，美国对烟草的需求有所下降在20世纪70年代，美国农民种植了超过20亿磅(90万吨)烟草;到2012年，产量下降到约8亿磅(36万吨)。

美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据显示，烟草农场的数量从上世纪80年代的18万个减少到2012年的1万个注解：本段从烟草种植规模、产量、烟草农场数量反映了美国在近四十年里烟草种植需求呈现断崖式的下降，同时间接解释了将烟草转换为生物能源的趋势。

Since 2009, the US biofuel company Tyton BioEnergy Systems has partnered with agronomists from Virginia Tech and North Carolina State University and tobacco growers to research the potential for turning tobacco into

biomass. Mills grows two acres of energy tobacco under contract with Tyton.agronomists /əˈɡrɑːnəmɪst/ n.农学家

biomass /ˈbaɪoʊmæs/ n.生物量；生物质能燃料自2009年以来，美国生物燃料公司Tyton BioEnergy Systems与弗吉尼亚理工大学和北卡罗来纳州立大学的农学家以及烟草种植者合作，研究将烟草转化为

生物质的潜力米尔斯和Tyton签了合同，种了两英亩的能源烟草“We’re experimenting with varieties that were discarded 50 years ago by traditional tobacco growers because the flavours were poor or the plants didn’t have enough nicotine,” explains Tyton co-founder Peter Majeranowski.。

discarded /dɪsˈkɑrd/ adj.丢弃的；废弃的                                 v.丢弃（discard 的过去式和过去分词）Tyton联合创始人彼得·马杰拉诺夫斯基解释说:“我们正在试验50年前的品种，它们因味道不好，尼古丁不足被传统烟草种植者

丢弃”Researchers are pioneering selective breeding techniques and genetic engineering to increase tobacco’s sugar and seed oil content to create a promising source of renewable fuel. The low-nicotine varieties require little maintenance, are inexpensive to grow and thrive where other crops would fail.。

pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrɪŋ/ v.做先锋，倡导；开辟（道路）（pioneer 的现在分词）研究人员正在开拓选择性育种技术和基因工程，以增加烟草的糖和籽油含量，创造一种有希望的可再生燃料来源。

低尼古丁含量品种几乎不需要保养，种植成本低廉，在其他作物生存不了的地方还能茁壮成长“There is a lot of land not being used in tobacco regions that isn’t good for growing row crops,” Majeranowski says. “Instead of growing low-value crops like

hay, farmers can earn more revenue per acre growing ‘energy tobacco’.”hay /heɪ/ n.（用作饲料的）干草马杰拉诺夫斯基说:“烟草产区有很多土地没有被利用，不适合种植行栽作物。

”“相比于种植干草这样的低价值作物，农民种植‘能源烟草’每英亩就可以赚取更多收入”注解：种植能源烟草的效益要比干草这样的低价值作物高The potential to turn tobacco into a different kind of 。

cash cropenticed grower Chris Haskins to sign a contract with Tyton in 2013 to grow 1.5 acres of energy tobacco on his 50-acre farm in Chatham, Virginia.

cash crop 经济作物enticed /ɪnˈtaɪsd/ v.诱使，引诱（entice的过去式和过去分词）受烟草可转变成另一种经济作物的潜力的吸引，种植者克里斯·哈斯金斯于2013年与Tyton签署了一份合同，在其位于弗吉尼亚州查塔姆的50英亩农场上种植1.5英亩的能源烟草。

注解：从种植者签的合同可以看出，烟草作为经济作物对于克里斯·哈斯金斯的诱惑性是显而易见的，它的潜力也是毋庸置疑的“Tobacco has been a mainstay for farmers in this area,” Haskins says. “It’s nice to see it getting some positive press and building hope for farmers that it can be used in positive ways.”。

mainstay /ˈmeɪnsteɪ/ n.支柱；中流砥柱哈斯金斯说:“烟草一直是这个地区农民的主要收入来源“很高兴看到它得到了一些正面新闻报道，也为农民带来了希望，烟草可以用于积极的方面”注解：生活中我们很少听到什么对烟草持肯定态度的词汇，但是在这里我们见证了烟草为地区农民带来经济收入的重要性，因此不能一概而论，只要将烟草用于积极的方面，也能带来价值。

While Haskins is hopeful, some tobacco growers are sceptical. These are just pilot projects and energy tobacco is not yet being sold on the open market, so there are no

established prices. “I think there’s still a large amount of ‘wait and see if this is for real’ attitude among growers,” says Tim Pfohl, grants program director for the Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission.

sceptical /ˈskeptɪk(ə)l/ adj.持怀疑态度的，不相信的established /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ adj.确立已久的，早已投入使用的；资深的，知名的；虽然哈斯金斯充满希望，但一些烟草种植者

持怀疑态度这些都只是试点项目，能源烟草还没有在公开市场上销售，因此没有确定的价格弗吉尼亚烟草地区振兴委员会拨款项目主任蒂姆·福尔说:“我认为，种植者中仍有很大一部分人持观望的态度”注解：各方态度不一，大部分烟草种植者对于能源烟草还是持着观望的态度。

According to Pfohl, the commission supports opportunities to build new markets for tobacco growers, noting that alternative buyers for tobacco crops will keep growers from being tied to the cigarette manufacturer contract system. The commission gave Tyton BioEnergy Systems a

grant of $2.78m in 2012, to further its research.grant /ɡrænt/ n.补助金，拨款根据Pfohl的说法，委员会支持为烟草种植者建立新市场的机会，并指出烟草作物的替代买家将使种植者免受卷烟制造商合同制度的束缚。

2012年，欧盟委员会向Tyton BioEnergy Systems拨款278万美元，用于进一步研究“The end game for the commission … is new jobs and private investment in tobacco region production facilities,” Pfohl says.。

Pfohl称:“委员会的最终目标……是在烟草生地区生产设施中创造新的就业机会和私人投资”Tyton has 30 acres of research trials under way and, in 2014, created a partner company, Tyton NC Biofuels, 。

pledging $36m to start a tobacco ethanol refinery in Hoke County, North Carolina. As investments increase and bioenergy gets more attention in the media, interest from farmers is growing.

pledging /ˈpledʒɪŋ/ v.保证；（使）保证；承诺给予（或提供）（pledge 的现在分词）Tyton正在进行30英亩的研究试验，并于2014年成立了一家合作公司——Tyton NC Biofuel，

承诺投资3600万美元，在北卡罗来纳州的霍克县建立一家烟草乙醇精炼厂随着投资的增加和媒体对生物能源的更多关注，农民的兴趣也与日俱增“Now that I’m going into my fourth season as a contract grower, I can see how far we’ve come and I can see tobacco being a viable source of energy for the future,” Mills says. “There is a new generation of farmers that are more progressive and looking for alternatives and this gives farmers opportunities for diversity. Now is the right time to focus on tobacco as a biofuel.”。

米尔斯说:“现在我已经进入了合同种植的第四个赛季，我能看到我们的进度，也看到烟草在未来是一种可行的能源”“新一代农民更加进步，正在寻找可替代方案，这为农民提供了多样化的机会现在正是将烟草作为生物燃料的最佳时机。

”注解：综合全文来看，烟草作为生物燃料使用是一种可行的能源，具有可观的应用前景THE END图片和文章素材来源于网络 | 侵删WHY US?美翱教育是植根于高校学术研究及成果转化的互联网线上线下混合式高端英语培训与留学咨询服务及产学研一体化服务机构。

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